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General Information

INDEX

1. 1) Fault Current [5*]
   1. Purpose Formulae Used Examples [5*]
      1. Ex-1: - Single transformer with negligible source impedance.
      2. Ex-2: - Two transformer in parallel with negligible source impedance.
      3. Ex-3: - Two transformer in parallel with calculations of source impedance for 3-phase fault.
      4. Ex-4: - Two transformer in parallel with calculations of source impedance for 3-phase and 1-phase fault.
      5. Ex-5: - Single transformer newly constructed substation.
      Back to School [5*]
      1. Modelling of Power System Elements.
      2. Modeling of Transformer.
      3. Solved Example for Power System Modeling.
      4. Fault current calculations.
      5. Un-Symmertrical Faults [2*]
         1. Basic Theory [4*]
            1. General information.
            2. +Ve and -Ve sequence network.
            3. Zero Sequence Network [4*]
               1. Zero Sequence Network for Transmission Line
               2. Zero Sequence Network for Two Winding Transformers.
               3. Zero Sequence Network of Three Winding Transformer.
               4. Zero Sequence Impedance of the Grid Source.
            4. Short-Circuit Current for Single Line to Ground Fault.
            Solved Example
      Coffee Break [3*]
      1. A glance to history.
      2. Be comfortable (With PU calculations) [2*].
         1. Calculations using impedance values [2*].
            1. T/F Short circuit test-Supply from HV side-Calculations using impedance values.
            2. Transformer Short Circuit Test-Supply from LV side-Calculations using impedance values.
         2. Calculations using PU values [3*].
            1. T/F Short circuit test-Supply from HV side-Calculations using PU values.
            2. Transformer Short Circuit Test-Supply from LV side-Calculations using PU values.
            3. T/F supplying resistive load-Calculations using PU values.
      3. No Confusion of √3.
      Rapid-Fire [5*]
      1. Basic Knowledge
      2. LV bus fault level for Two transformer in parallel negligible source impedance.
      3. 3-ph fault - LV bus - Two transformers - considering source impedance.
      4. Positive and Zero Sequence impedance for Line.
      5. 33kV Bus Fault Levels For Substation.
   2) Line O/C and E/F Relay Setting [5*]
   1. Purpose Formulae Used Examples [5*]
      1. Ex-1: - Radial EHV Line Source End.
      2. Ex-2: - Double Circuit Line Source End.
      3. Ex-3: - Radial EHV Line Load End.
      4. Ex-4: - Double Circuit Line Receiving End.
      5. Ex-5: - Validate Settings.
      Back to School
      1. Relay Operation Discrimination by Current OR Time.
      2. IDMT: Relay Operation Discrimination by Current AND Time..
      3. Solved Example: 3 Methods
         1. Example Details
         2. Method-A: Line Relay Cordination Considering Fault on T/F HV Side
         3. Method-B: Line Relay Cordination Considering Fault on T/F LV Side
         4. Method-C: Line Relay Cordination Using HS Element
      4. Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relays
         1. Necessity of Directional Relay in Transmission System.
         2. Basics of Direction Sensing
         3. Maximum Torque Angle: General Information
         4. MTA: Line to Line Fault
         5. MTA: Line to Ground Fault
         6. Conclusion
      Coffee Break
      1. Equipment damage curve.
      2. Electro magnetic relay.
      Rapid-Fire [5*]
      1. Basic Knowledge
      2. Source end O/C E/F settings calculations for radial EHV feeder.
      3. O/C E/F Settings Calculations for Grid Line.
      4. O/C E/F Settings Calculations for Radial Double Circuit Line.
      5. Radial Line E/F PSM and TMS settings.
   3) Transformer O/C and E/F Relay Setting [5*]
   1. Preface Setting Overview Setting Methodology Details
      1. T/F HV Side O/C E/F Settings.
      2. Setting of T/F LV Side O/C E/F -> ( When Operating Seperately ).
      3. T/F LV Side Protection Schemes When Operating in Parallel.
      4. Setting of T/F LV Side O/C E/F -> ( When Operating in Parallel ).
      5. Approximate or Quick Calculations of OVercurrent and Earthfault Relay Settings.
      6. A Word of Caution: Use of Highset.
      Solved Examples
      1. Use of Excel Sheet for Setting Calculations.
      2. Setting of T/F LV Side O/C E/F -> ( When Operating Seperately).
      3. Setting of T/F LV Side O/C E/F -> ( When Operating in Parallel).
      4. Setting of T/F O/C E/F Relays -> ( Approximate Method ).
      Rapid-Fire
      1. Basic Knowledge.
      2. Approximate O/C and E/F relay setting for single transformer.
      3. Approximate O/C and E/F relay setting for two transformer operating in parallel.
      4. Over Current Relay Settings for Single Transformer.
      5. Definite Time (Highset) O/C and E/F relay settings for transformers operating in parallel.
   4) ICT O/C and E/F Relay Setting [5*]
   1. ICT Operation in Grid ICT Fault Currents Backup Setting Calculation Methodology Details Example Problem Example Solution Appendix-A: Simulation Results for ICT Fault Currents. Rapid-Fire
      1. Basic Knowledge.
      2. Identification of current for ICT backup relay IDMT setting calculations.
      3. Current calculations for ICT backup relay HS settings.
      4. Reverse Engineering-Check validity of LTS scheme.
      5. Calculations of all settings for ICT backup relay.
   5) Transformer Differential Protection [2*]
   1. Necessity of Differential Protection.
   2. Biased Differential Protection [7*]
      1. 1) General Information.
      2. 2) Ratio correction.
      3. 3) Phase Correction.
      4. 4) Filtering of zero sequence current.
      5. 5) Magnetising inrush.
      6. 6) Bias Setting.
      7. 7) Simulation for Differential Relay.
      8. 8) Over flux / Under frequency protection.
   6) Sign Conventions for Energy Meter.
   1. 1) Theory.
   2. 2) Download Calculations.

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