tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68476718972125196742024-03-24T10:07:15.933-07:00Electrical FriendBlog to help electrical engineers in the field of transmissionS. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847671897212519674.post-11690691725884951242019-06-09T10:45:00.004-07:002019-06-09T11:14:57.101-07:00An introduction to developing Website with Database<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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This post is for introducing reader to developing website backed up with database. For developing such website Microsoft has developed ASP.NET technology. Through this tutorials you will get introduced with how to develop such website step by step through video tutorials. </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mZpXN-Udf5Gh8YUVnlYYx6QVScyhjeY-/view?usp=sharing">Tutorial - 1 Create Webpage Hello World</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ay_iIqiMG4-Mg9xu6Lvyqki16I9yCejF/view?usp=sharing">Tutorial - 2 Create Webpage to display date and time by clicking button.</a></span></div>
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(More will come soon .....)</div>
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S. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847671897212519674.post-57586792651981147962019-04-24T22:07:00.000-07:002019-04-27T23:56:36.276-07:00Akshara Computer Center Map<head>
<title>Akshara Computer Center</title>
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<h3>Visit Akshara Computer Center for</h3>
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<ul>
<li>MS-CIT</li>
<li>CLiK</li>
<li>Java</li>
<li>C++</li>
<li>VB.Net</li>
<li>BlueJ</li>
<li>Smallbasic</li>
<li>HTML</li>
<li>CSS</li>
<li>JavaScript</li>
<li>Advance Excel</li>
<li>MS Access</li>
<li>MS-SQL</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<iframe src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d2000.0625495135646!2d75.31881331441768!3d19.87958053138792!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bdb986b031d0643%3A0xd34688a7c9944d56!2sAkshara+Computer+Center+MS-CIT!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1556244602736!5m2!1sen!2sin" width="550" height="400" frameborder="0" style="border:0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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S. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847671897212519674.post-72069450606696799532019-02-06T20:29:00.000-08:002019-02-07T10:02:41.026-08:00An introduction to ADO.NET<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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ADO.NET is that technology by Microsoft which enables us to connect any .NET application with different type of Database easily and unanimously. thus it acts as a layer between .NET Application and Database as shown in following picture.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitfzLiyo4JtCxmAH2Aw4BOK4SxQXCGVFIT5TTvbptfs5DADJGuV-GYb7zWREreX9LLwwj61L2qXKWKsxW43Vg91m3PT_DKDnEPwO2be_fDauuiLxYVIdAhuP46jPHwt5TqffEQ0evYa7o/s1600/ADONET1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="1021" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitfzLiyo4JtCxmAH2Aw4BOK4SxQXCGVFIT5TTvbptfs5DADJGuV-GYb7zWREreX9LLwwj61L2qXKWKsxW43Vg91m3PT_DKDnEPwO2be_fDauuiLxYVIdAhuP46jPHwt5TqffEQ0evYa7o/s400/ADONET1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Three important classes in ADO.NET frame work are 1) Connection 2) DataAdapter and 3) DataSet. Using objects of these class types in .NET application we can access from database and use the data as per our needs.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheoiGT815_MuKnJILn1oE00qDw-ifpjViugIQNmfrADiXQAcDQ6GtD4UaaI__60HJKrJxN_Hykr40tBWkxAlAWqXMbRlN2Gwn8Ntgj2CZY_t8I3QxdaxgyrM0-clsKcnUdpz4IPaa-WeY/s1600/ADONET2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1021" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheoiGT815_MuKnJILn1oE00qDw-ifpjViugIQNmfrADiXQAcDQ6GtD4UaaI__60HJKrJxN_Hykr40tBWkxAlAWqXMbRlN2Gwn8Ntgj2CZY_t8I3QxdaxgyrM0-clsKcnUdpz4IPaa-WeY/s400/ADONET2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Obviously to connect with different type of database we have to use different type of data adapter and connection string.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOO6t08tMVv9ZceMs_Ap3KZ6BrpD2uHBBhwvSoIAureaGK3huqgCmRiUdu97HAbp-0WQI-fdKD3R890K6-NgKk5AoivYWf42ydR-L8scED-pdeYZcIojLOZdTfSZ40fdYeDTB_yYM8M4Q/s1600/ADONET3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1021" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOO6t08tMVv9ZceMs_Ap3KZ6BrpD2uHBBhwvSoIAureaGK3huqgCmRiUdu97HAbp-0WQI-fdKD3R890K6-NgKk5AoivYWf42ydR-L8scED-pdeYZcIojLOZdTfSZ40fdYeDTB_yYM8M4Q/s400/ADONET3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Thus for understanding the whole thing in a better way we shall try for writing the actual code. To try with databases here are some ready database files of different type having the Same name Contacts and having a single table with name contacts1 with a very small amount of data (5 records)</div>
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1) ACCESS Database File <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1eLnZr6yyj-3lMlfssgfDY6tXKZKwutM6">Contacts.accdb</a></div>
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2) SQL Express Database file <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=11qMNMzz8B2K7JluELJAMeUoXo6xr65qN">Contacts.mdf</a></div>
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3) SQL Compact Edition Database file <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1VLYZRkWiGg4XANinfInV3og6q2JSbmRB">Contacts.sdf</a></div>
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4) SQLite Database file <a href="http://contacts.db/">Contacts.db</a></div>
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5) Excel as Database file <a href="http://contacts.xlsx/">Contacts.xlsx</a></div>
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And here are the Zip file for VS2012 Solution and VB.NET Project to connect to each type of database.</div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Sqk0Kyfi8XzsMSEmFg7Mbp6IP-sqmXjp">1) Connect To Access Database</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=13h7eIe-5ANlJv88geRtTc7F_33b6CiK2">2) Connect to SQL Express Database</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1YjDyqbHis7TWIZZ-2Y4eNQv0WrOyCk6b">3) Connect To SQL CE Database</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1MH-GOTykF93TIupNiesqmgOvp3bR_9xd">4) Connect To SQLite Database</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1oRgjZaTveD9RV1gh0HZYWSpA8KpDFzYd">5) Connect To Excel</a></div>
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And here are videos which will explain how to write the code</div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nP_0dRQCnxqPFSQsAkIiN2jOWwVaci_Y">1) An introduction to ADO.NET (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1C2jfPgFzM0hnsGWHBffuwLvAHpIomfE2">2) Database Resources required for writing the code (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=12Bv9UvBMmFYmX4k0JwQn76AjWCdV5UOK">3) Connection String require for connecting to databases (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1eCO4ZKg_cSYaA3QVswXDkQlBoqme0UtK">4) Connect To Access Database (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=14M5_RdSDCaHkmBakvGlBE2T67t21usrH">5) Connect to SQL Express Database (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=17YqX_SqIOiOwfPLFuNssryu_OdJ4Qe_v">6) Connect To SQL CE Database (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=11p4Elh3K6Ugvv_2DD78gZmI-wsx-EjSF">7) Connect To SQLite Database (Video)</a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ljsVp5dgo5JSt2MToXV4YmZnsscWEbzh">8) Connect To Excel (Video)</a></div>
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S. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847671897212519674.post-79461189984707329282018-05-15T21:24:00.002-07:002018-05-15T21:35:59.558-07:00Understanding the resolution of an digital instrument<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Resolution is the term
used while framing the specification of an equipment. Resolution means smallest
change expected to be get detected. It is related with accuracy of the
equipment. To understand its meaning this Excel sheet is developed. Excel sheet
is self-explanatory. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hoKi3Sm2GHoBTHkR6PnZy-h2fXnYgbG3/view?usp=sharing">You may download the Excel sheet</a> and experiment with it
for better understanding. Here screenshot of the Excel sheet is shown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDPr27adm-6YSfuPmPAn3mfdxl7WUleugg5iOrkapAU7QrxCsVd6XYsysMg7zxwlLmt_gwcCvFUzE6PnNFU5ewf5DzfWIQ2DHCi5oGWp3kMCZ4cUHABKHGLdAuyY0B9WXi4Bq96e1yvxI/s1600/LcRes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDPr27adm-6YSfuPmPAn3mfdxl7WUleugg5iOrkapAU7QrxCsVd6XYsysMg7zxwlLmt_gwcCvFUzE6PnNFU5ewf5DzfWIQ2DHCi5oGWp3kMCZ4cUHABKHGLdAuyY0B9WXi4Bq96e1yvxI/s640/LcRes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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S. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847671897212519674.post-59612579302261034392017-12-19T08:04:00.001-08:002017-12-19T08:19:09.265-08:00Microsoft Excel Advance Use with vba<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Here advance use of Micrsoft Excel described using vba. To demonstrate the use a real life example as mentioned below considered for programming. Screen shot of Excel file and Vba program is as shown belo. Site visitor may download the respective excel file for better understanding about how to use named ranges and vba programming</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWJ-vuRu8H-cVYBTJraKBjnTo1Hg2AHf1ssDMuvro732QUHxZhqLpXYPVo2Aggr0LJa-Uk8NwBpe4a6WaPO3mT4dxvE-Ucz50Ec4GLtM0V2K9StqdIjqItLXojBgPWfDOWayOXxFuFu3U/s1600/PicForUnderstandMicro.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="907" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWJ-vuRu8H-cVYBTJraKBjnTo1Hg2AHf1ssDMuvro732QUHxZhqLpXYPVo2Aggr0LJa-Uk8NwBpe4a6WaPO3mT4dxvE-Ucz50Ec4GLtM0V2K9StqdIjqItLXojBgPWfDOWayOXxFuFu3U/s640/PicForUnderstandMicro.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iyzqbYV9BBG9qkS7b8Wi6u2MD9ukp4VD/view?usp=sharing"></a><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iyzqbYV9BBG9qkS7b8Wi6u2MD9ukp4VD/view?usp=sharing"><span style="font-size: large;">Click here to download original Excel File</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">By Simulation we have observed probability as 2.80% (aprx.). </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Try for checking the correctness of the simulation by deriving this probability mathematically. </span></span></div>
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S. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847671897212519674.post-79960248304526428402017-11-11T23:04:00.001-08:002019-11-30T09:42:55.310-08:00Directional Over Current Relay - Maximum Torque Angle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">EHV lines operates in grid. We can understand
the changes in protection system when EHV feeders operates either in parallel
or grid with the help of following example.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ajCdb1xEDnugp1uo6yfTVPusCb4eJX9EDAqfKMjYXH38_mJqoPecdig72U3QfFapeMalWIX46eRlJVYHZSIWM_J8GYMVLJ9P_wm8OiNAxEqm36IFpSb7MMxAeaKBOV6EaePwVSB-n6g/s1600/DoubleCktLine.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="734" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ajCdb1xEDnugp1uo6yfTVPusCb4eJX9EDAqfKMjYXH38_mJqoPecdig72U3QfFapeMalWIX46eRlJVYHZSIWM_J8GYMVLJ9P_wm8OiNAxEqm36IFpSb7MMxAeaKBOV6EaePwVSB-n6g/s640/DoubleCktLine.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Consider a part of the 132kV power system
as shown above. Here sub-station A is source sub-station and a 132kV double
circuit line is feeding the radial sub-station B. The double circuit line under
consideration is being protected by four circuit breakers controlled by four
over current relays R1, R2, R3 and R4 as shown above. Upon observing the
circuit and with common logic we can guess that time of operation for relays
will be as below-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">R1 - 500 ms, R2 - 500
ms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">R3 - 300 ms, R4 - 300
ms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Now let the fault on circuit-I as shown
in the figure. For this fault both relays R3 and R4 at Bus-B will experience
the same fault current and as we have to set its time of operation same both
will operate simultaneously. Thus selective tripping of only faulty circuit
will not be possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">This difficulty can be overcome if only
relay R3 responses for the shown fault of Circuit-I. As seen from the diagram
this discrimination can be done by sensing the direction of power flow through
the circuit controlled by respective relay. We can see that relay R3 is
experiencing fault in forward direction (as it is protecting the Ckt-I) while
relay R4 experiences the fault in reverse direction. To have selective tripping
of the faulty circuit; only the relay experiencing fault in forward direction
shall responds to fault and operates the breaker. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhACqMubs7YRHAgHptldLTy67-KICm3V6m0UnrUVpQsE6vWoVFM9oDSWFAaa223QoprMFLKAGTDRr3iBzTf1qc5HHc4GnEctP-6Gg4O5AbXV4-dMkIpsQz5oVfgwiMOn5pnzNNWKCpnPKA/s1600/Convention.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="714" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhACqMubs7YRHAgHptldLTy67-KICm3V6m0UnrUVpQsE6vWoVFM9oDSWFAaa223QoprMFLKAGTDRr3iBzTf1qc5HHc4GnEctP-6Gg4O5AbXV4-dMkIpsQz5oVfgwiMOn5pnzNNWKCpnPKA/s640/Convention.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">This </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_27" o:spid="_x0000_s1043" strokecolor="#a5a5a5 [2092]" stroked="t" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 127.8pt; left: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-top: 3pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal: left; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 4in; z-index: 251689984;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">type of relaying scheme is shown here by
adopting direction arrow convention. However at EHV level it is not necessary
to represent directional relay explicitly by arrow symbol as shown here because
all relays used in protection of EHV network are directional only.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Basics of Direction Sensing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">In above examples we have mentioned that
the fault is in forward direction with respect to relay R3. Here <b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">we
have decided</span></b> this by observing the position of the relay with
respect to fault and source. However in actual practice <b><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">relay has to discriminate</span></b>
between forward and reverse direction fault. How this can be achieved is
discussed in next sections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Direction of AC current flow.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">The
name “alternating current” suggests that there is no specified physical
direction of current flow. To elaborate this let us compare measurement of
alternating current and direct current by clip on meter as shown in following
figures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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indicated by –Ve sign by clip on meter display. Thus current flowing from A to
B displayed as 17.32 A and it is -17.32
A if flowing from B to A.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">However
for AC tong tester there is neither such marking nor any –Ve sign for displayed
current. Whether current flowing from A to B or B to A display will be +Ve
only. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Though
the change in direction of current flow in case of A.C. system does not changes
sign for clip on meter display still it is wide practice to show currents in
A.C system by direction. Obviously then someone may ask the question that; what
is the meaning of showing the direction of current flow in AC system?; and
answer to this is; </span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">it is actually direction of active power flow. </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Obviously
to determine power flow in circuit we require current as well as voltage. How
this is achieved is explained in next section.</span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Direction of power flow</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">As
mentioned in previous section to determine physical direction of current flow
(power flow) we require additional quantity; this additional quantity is
voltages causing current (respective phase voltage). </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">The meaning of direction of AC current flow (power flow) can be
best understood with the help of power system as shown in figure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw5mS_WPJ79XqDfq7vkS3o-AR-aqeYtCK0XANKVA71BylHjVaOJXNTOp_ACOABSHfB51lJbNZVNLW27wM34_6gOI-A_3uoXtbjl787TN17sJglI2WBnL9nFq6dYr4ckzpO1w9uRqM5T3s/s1600/PowerSystem3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1309" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw5mS_WPJ79XqDfq7vkS3o-AR-aqeYtCK0XANKVA71BylHjVaOJXNTOp_ACOABSHfB51lJbNZVNLW27wM34_6gOI-A_3uoXtbjl787TN17sJglI2WBnL9nFq6dYr4ckzpO1w9uRqM5T3s/s640/PowerSystem3.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !mso]-->
<!--[endif]--></v:textbox>
<w:wrap anchorx="margin" type="square">
</w:wrap></v:shape><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1024" o:spid="_x0000_s1037" strokecolor="#a5a5a5 [2092]" stroked="t" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 139.35pt; left: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-top: 11.7pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal: left; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 324.3pt; z-index: 251693056;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<w:wrap anchorx="margin" type="square">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">As shown here consider a SLD for three
bus power system feeding the lagging power factor load. Let direction sensing
devices D<sub>A</sub> and D<sub>C</sub> are connected to Line-AB and Line-BC at
Bus-B. </span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Bus-B CT and PT connections
are shown in the figure </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">as per common
conventions listed below</span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">1)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Connect PT secondary terminal “a” to device and “n” to earth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">2)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">CT shall be installed such that its primary P1 terminal shall be
towards Bus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">3)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Connect CT secondary terminal S1 to relay and S2 to earth (with
other phase CT S2 terminal) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Let us consider an instance where Bus-A
is positive. Thus as per CT polarity the current flowing through CT primary and
secondary has the directions as shown in the figure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Now as seen from the figure direction of
instantaneous current and voltage for device D<sub>C </sub>is same
(conventionally both entering into the device). Thus current phasor shown
lagging behind voltage phasor by the power factor angle of the load. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">While for device D<sub>A</sub> direction
of instantaneous current and voltage is opposite (conventionally current is
leaving the device while voltage is entering into the device). Thus here
current phasor is reversed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">By observing the vector representation of
voltage and current in the figure (as shown below respective device) we can
easily conclude that; if standard connection convention followed then-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Whenever
angle between voltage and current is less than 90<sup>0</sup> (lagging or
leading) physically direction of power (current) flow is away from bus.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">AND<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Whenever
angle between voltage and current is more than 90<sup>0</sup> (lagging or
leading) physically direction of power (current) flow is towards bus.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Maximum Torque Angle<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">The word Maximum Torque Angle has its
roots in use of electromagnetic relays. In previous section direction sensing
explained by considering generic devices D<sub>A</sub> and D<sub>C</sub>.
Historically these devices were electromagnetic devices; where torque get
developed as a result of tow magnetic fluxes developed by tow electrical
quantities displaced by certain angle. Depending upon the direction of torque
produced direction of power (current) can be decided. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">When two magnetic fluxes are derived from
two different electrical quantities the torque produced by these fluxes will
depend upon phasor relationship of these two quantities. Obviously for energy
meter and Watt Meter; for correct functioning of the devices; torque will be
maximum when applied voltage and current are in phase; while for VAR meter for
capacitor it would be maximum if current leads voltage by 90<sup>0 </sup>and
for VAR meter for reactor it would be maximum if current lags voltage by 90<sup>0</sup>.
<b>This angle of applied current with
respect to applied voltage at which maximum torque get produced is called as
Maximum Torque Angle.</b><sup> </sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">However situation explained above
entirely changes in case of a device which can discriminate direction of
current in case of fault (Directional Overcurrent Relay) due to following two
reasons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">1)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">The voltage of faulty phase decreases drastically <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">2)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Angle between voltage and current of faulty phase is nearly 90<sup>0</sup>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Hence
direction decision making in case of fault becomes very difficult. How to
overcome these difficulties depends upon type of fault. There are mainly two
types of fault in electrical system a) Line-Line fault and b) Line-Ground
fault. Direction decision making philosophy and thus requirement of MTA
(Maximum Torque Angle) in case of each type of fault is entirely different and
we will discuss it in next section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">NOTE:
Now a days use of numerical relays become very common; where direction decision
making done numerically; by sampling voltage and currents many times during
each cycle and by using proper algorithm. However use of the word Maximum
Torque Angle carried forward as it is by most of the relay manufacturer. Some
relay manufacturer uses RCA (Relay Characteristic Angle) instead of MTA due to
this technological change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">MTA
for Line-Line Fault</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
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<w:wrap type="square">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Consider a part of the power system as
shown in the figure. Let there be Line-Line fault at point A and let direction
decision to be made by the relay at point B. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wzA6PWZDp5R98JfqHxrR4gIk3ViNhW9s8MW_ClFaNEFOqt1A6K58SiCcdHODfcc5U-eBXiKXa_rg4LWJreQ8WXB9ZFBnJMp0bTewDpysx3KTf2bQpXmu5Qq6U5wxcGPOryOv9NIb7Po/s1600/LLFault.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="485" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wzA6PWZDp5R98JfqHxrR4gIk3ViNhW9s8MW_ClFaNEFOqt1A6K58SiCcdHODfcc5U-eBXiKXa_rg4LWJreQ8WXB9ZFBnJMp0bTewDpysx3KTf2bQpXmu5Qq6U5wxcGPOryOv9NIb7Po/s320/LLFault.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 2cm;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">When
there is no fault; vector diagram representing voltage and current is as shown
in figure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtjKBA1BSemoWFMR7AGyQuuzVmfd36YeUW4NsvI1CPlUUrR1qMqUv-UcPnpy1A1vQnVhrcM8tr8ukVr176NpZVGZCm9b6oVw6Rac3akMKv7fxgJ2Za67pkDdLIBMLN_dAd_vZ2m-qbhkY/s1600/Mta1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="485" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtjKBA1BSemoWFMR7AGyQuuzVmfd36YeUW4NsvI1CPlUUrR1qMqUv-UcPnpy1A1vQnVhrcM8tr8ukVr176NpZVGZCm9b6oVw6Rac3akMKv7fxgJ2Za67pkDdLIBMLN_dAd_vZ2m-qbhkY/s320/Mta1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 2cm;">For
R-Y fault R-Ph and Y-Ph source voltage will decrease and will approach close to
each other and R-Ph current will lag approximately 90</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 2cm;">0</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 2cm;"> with respect
to R-Y Phase voltage thus during fault vector diagram will be as shown in
figure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 130%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBWXe2mU3tCC16UxPv2HScH3KWkNoaY7uj-t9_KupwqPhY6QhZ5PbGHnJgc3KNs-AeqDHfc0JRoecuGZZoeqtGwwrxTR3MQ7XhyphenhyphenwMmIuGu_XSUrxSly_t4j1BVHqAr-BE1dDuObAyPOI/s1600/Mta2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="620" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBWXe2mU3tCC16UxPv2HScH3KWkNoaY7uj-t9_KupwqPhY6QhZ5PbGHnJgc3KNs-AeqDHfc0JRoecuGZZoeqtGwwrxTR3MQ7XhyphenhyphenwMmIuGu_XSUrxSly_t4j1BVHqAr-BE1dDuObAyPOI/s320/Mta2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Thus
depending up on nature of load and fault impedance R-Phase current may be
anywhere as shown by shaded area for figure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1030" o:spid="_x0000_s1032" strokecolor="#a5a5a5 [2092]" stroked="t" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 126.9pt; left: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-top: 3.05pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal: left; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 146.25pt; z-index: 251698176;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Obviously voltage selected for this
direction decision making will be of healthy phases. That means if we are
considering direction decision making in respect of R-Ph current then we have
to choose V<sub>YB </sub>voltage as our reference voltage as shown in figure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1031" o:spid="_x0000_s1031" strokecolor="#a5a5a5 [2092]" stroked="t" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 178.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: -2.3pt; margin-top: 3.2pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 245.85pt; z-index: 251699200;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">To include all this probable area for
R-Ph current it is necessary to redefine zone of forward direction with respect
to polarizing voltage V<sub>YB</sub>. Thus line AB is selected as new dividing
line for operating direction (Forward) and Non-Operating direction (Reverse).
Perpendicular line to this dividing line is line C-D. Now we can see that line
CD leads V<sub>YB</sub>. For electromagnetic relays this angle use to be 45<sup>0</sup>.
Now for numerical relay this angle is settable still recommended value is +45<sup>0</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">MTA
for Line-Ground Fault</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1032" o:spid="_x0000_s1030" strokecolor="#a5a5a5 [2092]" stroked="t" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 146.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-top: 4.05pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal: left; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 112.55pt; z-index: 251700224;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Consider R-Ph to ground
fault. During this fault R-Ph voltage will decrease and R-Ph current will be
lagging to R-Ph voltage nearly by 90<sup>0</sup> as shown in the figure-1.</span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">However
Earth fault relay current I<sub>n</sub> will be 180<sup>0</sup> out of phase
with respect to R-Ph current as shown in figure-2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1034" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" strokecolor="#a5a5a5 [2092]" stroked="t" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 189.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-top: 8.3pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 220.45pt; z-index: 251702272;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">Thus depending up on fault impedance
R-Phase current may be anywhere as shown by red shaded area and thus
corresponding earth fault relay current may be anywhere as shown by green
shaded area for figure-3. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">As
there may be the fault on any phase and as during fault; volatge of faulty
phase reduces nearly to zero it is not desirable to consider volatge of faulty
phase for deciding the direction of fault current. It is obvious choice to use
residual voltage V<sub>0</sub> (vector sum of Vr, Vy and Vb) for deciding the
direction of fault current as shown in the figure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7JUfG3qvAV5OOKpLV3IrGjPFxGSfRN3mBWSzPBKxA35D0i2uLOF9pENc0RLVZ27nh8MjoUfUG6ywb0GOlH_ADD3xUXWhgn4J6D5DQYBRAz-TPGrvo5v-X54mKekecb_-mrns-NuZp7s/s1600/MtaE4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="609" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7JUfG3qvAV5OOKpLV3IrGjPFxGSfRN3mBWSzPBKxA35D0i2uLOF9pENc0RLVZ27nh8MjoUfUG6ywb0GOlH_ADD3xUXWhgn4J6D5DQYBRAz-TPGrvo5v-X54mKekecb_-mrns-NuZp7s/s320/MtaE4.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 130%;">To include all this probable area for
earth fault current it is necessary to redefine zone of forward direction with
respect to polarizing voltage V<sub>0</sub>. Thus line AB is selected as new
dividing line for operating direction (Forward) and Non-Operating direction
(Reverse). Perpendicular line to this dividing line is line C-D. Now we can see
that line CD lags V<sub>0</sub>. For electromagnetic relays this angle use to
be -45<sup>0</sup>. Now for numerical relay this angle is settable still
recommended value is -45<sup>0</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjgUBCyGG7OZORlhmBDs6rW64MgverN4j9ZK8razaYAFBlv7wfHxwvN17tZH1Xe8W_Io45wBkBSDdDnCFcjasVfJUH1QrBcX9SEH77sP7ers9kArfS7E9JdBfG4bc3YdQBTPRmnuCWUSI/s1600/MtaE5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="817" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjgUBCyGG7OZORlhmBDs6rW64MgverN4j9ZK8razaYAFBlv7wfHxwvN17tZH1Xe8W_Io45wBkBSDdDnCFcjasVfJUH1QrBcX9SEH77sP7ers9kArfS7E9JdBfG4bc3YdQBTPRmnuCWUSI/s320/MtaE5.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 130%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Conclusion</span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">For protection of EHV lines generally
directional overcurrent and earth fault relays are used. In case of directional
relay it is necessary to set correct MTA for over current as well as earth
fault relay. Maximum Torque Angle depends upon factors such as source impedance
and method adopted for earthing of generators and transformers. In transmission
system generally solidly earthed transformers are used. Hence it is common to
use following settings for MTA</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">For Overcurrent Relay MTA = +45<sup>0</sup> or 45<sup>0</sup>
leading<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 130%;">For Earth Fault Relay MTA = -45<sup>0</sup> or 45<sup>0</sup>
lagging<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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S. P. Vasekarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01857920099704862540noreply@blogger.com18